Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream

List of Contributors xix About the Editors xxv Preface xxvii 1 Introduction to Natural Gas Monetization 1 Nimir O. Elbashir 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Natural Gas Chain 2 1.3 Monetization Routes for Natural Gas 4 1.4 Natural Gas Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels 9 1.5 Summary 13 Acknowledgment 13 References 13 2 Techno-Economic Analyses and Policy Implications of Environmental Remediation of Shale GasWells in the Barnett Shales 15 Rasha Hasaneen, Andrew Avalos, Nathan Sibley, and Mohammed Shammaa 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Shale Gas Operations 18 2.3 The Barnett Shale 22 2.4 Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Natural Gas as a Fuel 22 2.5 Environmental Remediation ofWater and Seismic Impacts 24 2.6 Theoretical Calculations 28 2.7 Results and Discussion 35 2.8 Opportunities for Future Research 49 References 50 3 ThermodynamicModeling of Natural Gas and Gas Condensate Mixtures 57 Epaminondas Voutsas, Nefeli Novak, Vasiliki Louli, Georgia Pappa, Eirini Petropoulou, Christos Boukouvalas, Eleni Panteli, and Stathis Skouras 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Thermodynamic Models 61 3.3 Prediction of Natural Gas Dew Points 64 3.4 Prediction of Dew Points and Liquid Dropout in Gas Condensates 70 3.5 Case Study: Simulation of a Topside Offshore Process 75 3.6 Concluding Remarks 81 References 82 4 CO2 Injection in Coal Formations for Enhanced Coalbed Methane and CO2 Sequestration 89 Ahmed Farid Ibrahim and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din 4.1 Coalbed Characteristics 89 4.2 Adsorption Isotherm Behavior 91 4.3 CoalWettability 95 4.4 CO2 Injectivity 101 4.5 Pilot Field Tests 106 4.6 Conclusions 108 References 108 5 Fluid Flow: Basics 113 Paul A. Nelson, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Thermodynamics of Fluids 116 5.3 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics 121 5.4 Incompressible Pipeline Flow 126 5.5 Laminar Flow 130 5.6 Compressible Pipeline Flow 132 5.7 Comparison with Crane Handbook 139 References 142 6 Fluid Flow: Advanced Topics 143 Paul A. Nelson,MoyeWicks III, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Notation 143 6.3 Piping Networks 145 6.4 Meters 152 6.5 Control Valves 159 6.6 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow 161 References 171 7 Use of Process Simulators Upstream Through Midstream 173 Justin C. Slagle 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Upstream 174 7.3 Midstream 183 7.4 Going Further 192 Acknowledgement 196 References 196 8 Optimization of Natural Gas Network Operation under Uncertainty 197 Emmanuel Ogbe, Ali Elkamel,Michael Fowler, and Ali Almansoori 8.1 Introduction 198 8.2 Literature Review 199 8.3 Natural Gas Supply Chains 200 8.4 Optimization Model 202 8.5 Computation Study 208 8.6 Results and Discussion 209 8.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 212 References 213 Appendix 215 8.A.1 Stochastic Model for the Sources 216 8.A.2 Stochastic Model for Mixing Stations 216 8.A.3 Stochastic Model for End Users 217 8.A.4 Stochastic Pipeline Performance Model 217 8.A.5 Stochastic Compression Performance Model 217 9 A Multicriteria Optimization Approach to the Synthesis of Shale Gas Monetization Supply Chains 219 Ahmad Al-Douri, Debalina Sengupta, andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Methodology 220 9.3 Case Study 221 9.4 Case Study Results 224 9.4.1 Feedstock 224 9.5 Conclusion 232 References 232 10 Study for the Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Natural Gas Production 235 MozammelMazumder and Qiang Xu 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Methodology Framework 237 10.3 New Process Design for NGL Recovery 238 10.4 Thermodynamic Analysis for Propane Refrigeration System 244 10.5 Optimization for Natural Gas Liquefaction 245 10.6 Conclusion 254 Acknowledgements 254 Abbreviations 254 Nomenclature 255 References 256 11 Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas Processing and Production Networks 259 Saad A. Al-Sobhi,Munawar A. Shaik, Ali Elkamel, and Fatih S. Erenay 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Background and Process Description 260 11.3 Simulation of Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 265 11.4 LP Model for Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 274 11.5 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Upstream Processing Network 280 11.6 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Production Network 288 11.7 Sustainability Assessment of Natural Gas Network 296 11.7.1 Case Study 1 297 11.7.2 Case Study 2 298 11.7.3 Case Study 3 298 11.8 Conclusion 300 References 300 12 Process Safety in Natural Gas Industries 305 Monir Ahammad and M. SamMannan 12.1 Introduction 305 12.2 Incident History 306 12.3 Process Safety Methods 309 12.4 Equipment and Plant Reliability 312 12.5 Facility Siting and Layout Optimization 315 12.6 Relief System Design 323 12.7 Toxic and Heavy Gas Dispersion 324 12.8 Fire and Explosion 326 12.9 Effective Mitigation System 329 12.10 Regulatory Program and Management Systems for Process Safety and Risks 332 12.11 Concluding Remarks 335 Nomenclature 336 References 338 13 ThermodynamicModeling of Relevance to Natural Gas Processing 341 Georgios M. Kontogeorgis and Eirini Karakatsani 13.1 Introduction to the Problem 341 13.2 The Models 343 13.3 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 1. No Chemicals 348 13.4 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 2.With Chemicals 360 13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 372 Nomenclature 374 Acknowledgment 376 References 376 14 Light Alkane Aromatization: Efficient use of Natural Gas 379 Swarom R. Kanitkar and James J. Spivey 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Aromatization of Light Alkanes 381 14.3 Future Perspective 394 References 397 15 Techno-Economic Analysis of Monetizing Shale Gas to Butadiene 403 Ecem Özinan andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi 15.1 Introduction 403 15.2 Process Description 404 15.3 Techno-Economic Analysis 406 15.4 Conclusions 406 References 411 16 Fractionation of the Gas-to-Liquid Diesel Fuels for Production of On-Specification Diesel and Value-Added Chemicals 413 Mostafa Shahin, Shaik Afzal, and Nimir O. Elbashir 16.1 Introduction 413 16.2 Experimental Study to Measure Properties of GTL Diesel for Different Specifications 416 16.3 Experimental Study Results and Discussion 420 16.4 MathematicalModels for Properties-Composition Relationship 427 16.5 Summary and Conclusion 434 References 437 17 An Energy Integrated Approach to Design a Supercritical Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products Separation and Solvent Recovery System 439 Tala Katbeh, Nimir O. Elbashir, and Mahmoud El-Halwagi 17.1 Introduction 439 17.1.1 Block 1: Syngas Generation (Natural Gas Reformer) 439 17.1.2 Block 2: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 440 17.1.2.1 Conventional FT Reactors 441 17.1.3 Introduction on the Utilization of Supercritical Fluids in the FT Synthesis 442 17.1.3.1 Block 3: Products Upgrading 442 17.2 Approach and Methodology 444 17.2.1 The FT Reactor Conditions 445 17.2.2 The Process Design Approach 445 17.3 Results and Discussion 447 17.3.1 Scenario 1: Separation of the Heavy Components First 447 17.3.2 Alternate Separation Design for Scenario 1 450 17.3.3 Scenario 2: Separation of theWater First 452 17.3.4 Scenario 3: Separation of the Vapor and Liquid Components and Use of 3-phase Separator to RecoverWater, Solvent, and Syngas 455 17.4 Conclusion 460 Acknowledgements 461 References 461 18 Multi-Scale Models for the Prediction of Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of Chemical Systems Related to Natural Gas Technology 463 Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou, Manolis Vasileiadis, Vasileios K.Michalis, Loukas D. Peristeras, and Ioannis G. Economou 18.1 Introduction 463 18.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation:Modeling Gas Hydrates 467 18.3 Modeling Porous Media in Separation and Storage Procedures 470 18.4 Molecular Simulation of Downstream Natural Gas Processing:The GTL Technology 476 18.5 Future Outlook 485 List of Abbreviations 487 Acknowledgements 488 References 488 19 Natural Gas to Acetylene (GTA)/Ethylene (GTE)/Liquid Fuels (GTL) The Synfuels International, Inc. Process 499 Kenneth R. Hall, Joel G. Cantrell, and Ben R.Weber, Jr 19.1 Introduction 499 19.2 Additive and Subtractive Processes 500 19.3 The Synfuels Process 501 19.4 Pilot Plant 503 19.5 Location, Location, Location 505 19.6 Biofuels 505 19.7 Conclusion 507 20 Natural-Gas-Based SOFC in Distributed Electricity Generation:Modeling and Control 509 Gerald S. Ogumerem, Nikolaos A. Diangelakis, and Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos 20.1 Introduction 509 20.2 MathematicalModel 513 20.3 Simulation 517 20.4 MultiparametricModel Predictive Control (mpMPC) 519 20.5 Closed-Loop Validation and Results 523 20.6 Conclusion 523 References 524 21 Design of Synthetic Jet Fuel Using Multivariate Statistical Methods 527 RajibMukherjee, Noof Abdalla, NasrMohamed,Marwan ElWash, Nimir O. Elbashir, and MahmoudM. El-Halwagi 21.1 Introduction 527 21.2 Methodology 529 21.3 Results and Discussions 534 21.4 Conclusions 543 Acknowledgements 543 References 543 Index 545