Miller's Review of Orthopaedics

1 Basic Sciences SECTION 1 ORTHOPAEDIC TISSUES Bone Cartilage and Joint Muscle Tendon Ligament Neural Tissue and Intervertebral Disc? SECTION 2 ORTHOPAEDIC BIOLOGY Cellular and Molecular Biology and Immunology Infection and Microbiology SECTION 3 PERIOPERATIVE AND ORTHOPAEDIC MEDICINE Thromboprophylaxis Perioperative Disease and Comorbidities SECTION 4 OTHER BASIC PRINCIPLES Imaging and Special Studies Biomaterials and Biomechanics TESTABLE CONCEPTS 2 ANATOMY SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Overview SECTION 2 UPPER EXTREMITY Shoulder Arm Forearm Wrist and Hand SECTION 3 LOWER EXTREMITY Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Knee and Leg Ankle and Foot SECTION 4 SPINE Osteology Arthrology Surgical Approaches to the Spine TESTABLE CONCEPTS 3 PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS SECTION 1 UPPER EXTREMITY PROBLEMS Brachial Plexus Palsy Sprengel Deformity Fibrotic Deltoid Problems Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle Poland Syndrome 3Apert Syndrome SECTION 2 LOWER EXTREMITY PROBLEMS: GENERAL Rotational Problems of the Lower Extremities Leg Length Discrepancy SECTION 3 HIP AND FEMUR Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Congenital Coxa Vara Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana) Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Bladder Exstrophy Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency Lower Extremity Inflammation and Infection SECTION 4 KNEE AND LEG Leg Tibial Bowing Osteochondritis Dissecans Osgood-Schlatter Disease Discoid Meniscus Congenital Dislocation of the Knee SECTION 5 FOOT Clubfoot (Congenital Talipes Equinovarus) Metatarsus Adductus and Skewfoot Pes Cavus (Cavus Foot) Congenital Vertical Talus (Congenital Convex Pes Valgus) Tarsal Coalitions Calcaneovalgus Foot Juvenile Bunions Kohler Disease Flexible Pes Planus Idiopathic Toe Walking Accessory Navicular Ball-and-Socket Ankle Congenital Toe Disorders SECTION 6 PEDIATRIC SPINE Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Early-Onset Scoliosis Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis Congenital Spinal Deformities Neuromuscular Scoliosis Neurofribromatosis Kyphosis Cervical Spine Disorders Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Other Spinal Conditions SECTION 7 CEREBRAL PALSY Introduction Classification Orthopaedic Assessment Spasticity Treatment Gait Disorders Spinal Disorders Hip Subluxation and Dislocation Knee Abnormalities Foot and Ankle Abnormalities Upper Extremity Management SECTION 8 NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS Arthrogrypotic Syndromes Myelodysplasia (Spina Bifida) Myopathies (Muscular Dystrophies) Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis Hereditary Neuropathies Myasthenia Gravis Anterior Horn Cell Disorders Acute Idiopathic Postinfectious Polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome) Overgrowth Syndromes SECTION 9 BONE DYSPLASIAS Introduction Achondroplasia Pseudoachondroplasia Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Chondrodysplasia Punctata Kniest Syndrome 53Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann Disease) Mucopolysaccharidosis 53Diastrophic Dysplasia Cleidocranial Dysplasia (Dysostosis) Osteopetrosis Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis (Caffey Disease) ? SECTION 10 SYNDROMES WITH ORTHOPAEDIC MANIFESTATIONS Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Turner Syndrome Prader-Willi Syndrome Marfan Syndrome Homocystinuria Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Rett Syndrome Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Nail-Patella Syndrome (Hereditary Onychoosteodysplasia) SECTION 11 HEMATOPOIETIC AND METABOLIC DISORDERS AND ARTHRITIDES Gaucher Disease Niemann-Pick Disease Sickle Cell Anemia Thalassemia 58Hemophilia Leukemia 58Rickets Osteogenesis Imperfecta Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Ankylosing Spondylitis TESTABLE CONCEPTS 4 SPORTS MEDICINE SECTION 1 KNEE Anatomy Biomechanics Diagnostic Techniques Knee Arthroscopy Meniscal Injuries Ligament Injuries Osteochondral Lesions Synovial Lesions Patellofemoral Disorders Pediatric Knee Injuries SECTION 2 PELVIS, HIP, AND THIGH Contusions Muscle Injuries Bursitis Nerve Entrapment Syndromes Bone Disorders Intraarticular Disorders Femoroacetabular Impingement Other Hip Disorders Hip Arthroscopy SECTION 3 SHOULDER Anatomy Biomechanics Diagnostic Techniques Shoulder Arthroscopy Shoulder Instability Subacromial Impingement Syndrome Rotator Cuff Disease Subscapularis Tears Rotator Cuff Tear Arthropathy Subcoracoid Impingement Internal Impingement SLAP Tears Proximal Biceps Tendon Pathology Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Injuries Muscle Ruptures Shoulder Stiffness Nerve Disorders Other Shoulder Disorders SECTION 4 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF SPORTS MEDICINE Preparticipation Physical Examination Cardiac Abnormalities in Athletes Concussion 67Sickle Cell Disease Metabolic Issues in Athletes Ergogenic Drugs Female Athlete-Related Issues Infectious Disease in Athletes Miscellaneous Sports-Related Injuries and Issues TESTABLE CONCEPTS 5 ADULT RECONSTRUCTION SECTION 1 EVALUATION OF THE ADULT PATIENT WITH HIP PAIN Physical Examination Tests for Hip Irritability Imaging SECTION 2 STRUCTURAL HIP DISORDERS IN THE ADULT Natural History Spectrum of Presentation Anatomy of Adult Hip Dysplasia Treatment of Dysplasia Femoroacetabular Impingement Treatment of FAI SECTION 3 OSTEONECROSIS OF THE HIP Occurrence Etiology Clinical Presentation Imaging Staging Treatment Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip SECTION 4 TREATMENT OF HIP ARTHRITIS Nonoperative Operative SECTION 5 TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY Indications Surgical Approaches Templating Implant Fixation Bone Ongrowth Fixation Hydroxyapatite Femoral Stem Loading Femoral Stress Shielding Femoral Stem Breakage SECTION 6 REVISION THA Presentation Acetabular Side Femoral Side SECTION 7 ARTICULAR BEARINGS AND CORROSION IN THA Introduction Polyethylene Polyethylene Wear and Osteolysis Osteolysis Process steolysis Around THA Prosthesis-Effective Joint Space Particle Debris Formation-Linear Versus Volumetric Wear Osteolysis-Radiographic Findings in THA Treatment of Polyethylene Wear Bearing Lubrication Metal and Ceramic on PE Metal on Metal Hip Resurfacing Ceramic-on-Ceramic Bearing Dual-Mobility Components Trunnion Corrosion SECTION 8 PERIPROSTHETIC THA FRACTURE Time of Fracture Intraoperative Fracture Early Postoperative Fracture Late Fracture SECTION 9 THA- MISCELLANEOUS Nerve Injury Anatomy Specific Complications and Host Risk Factors 31 Venous Thrombosis 31 Heterotopic Ossification 31 Iliopsoas Impingement Implant Facts SECTION 10 THA-JOINT STABILITY Incidence of THA Dislocation Risk Factors for Dislocation Assessment Treatment SECTION 11 KNEE ARTHRITIS ASSESSMENT Clinical Presentation Imaging Studies 4 SECTION 12 KNEE ARTHRITIS TREATMENT Consensus Treatment SECTION 13 TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY Indications Survival of TKA Technical Goals Preoperative Planning Goals of Bone Cuts in TKA Coronal Plane Ligament Balancing Flexion Deformity (i.e., Flexion Contracture) Sagittal Plane Balancing Perioperative Nerve Blocks Postoperative Therapy Complications SECTION 14 TKA DESIGN Design Categories Cruciate-Retaining Primary TKA Design Cruciate-Sacrificing Primary TKA Designs Tibial Rotating Platform in Primary TKA Modularity in Primary TKA All-Polyethylene Tibia (APT) Constraint in TKA SECTION 15 REVISION TKA Preoperative Evaluation Surgical Approach Implant System Modular Bearing Change for Premature Excessive Wear Technique of Revision TKA Revision TKA-Patella SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TKA Introduction Q Angle in TKA TKA Techniques to Optimize Patellar Tracking Intraoperative Assessment of Maltracking Postoperative Assessment of Maltracking Patella Baja Patellar Resurfacing Versus Nonresurfacing SECTION 17 CATASTROPHIC WEAR IN TKA Premature Failure of TKA Implant Factors Involved in Catastrophic Wear Perfect Storm Scenario for Catastrophic Wear Measures to Mitigate Catastrophic PE Wear SECTION 18 GLENOHUMERAL ARTHRITIS Introduction History and Physical Examination Imaging Treatment SECTION 19 SHOULDER HEMIARTHROPLASTY Indications Requirements Complications Conversion From Hemiarthroplasty to TSA Hemiarthroplasty for Cuff Tear Arthropathy SECTION 20 TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY Introduction Requirements Component Positioning Rehabilitation Complications SECTION 21 REVERSE TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY Introduction Requirements Component Positioning Complications SECTION 22 INFECTION IN SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY Introduction Common Organisms History and Physical Examination Investigations Microbiology Management TESTABLE CONCEPTS 6 DISORDERS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE SECTION 1 BIOMECHANICS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE Anatomy Foot Positions Versus Foot Motions Gait Cycle SECTION 2 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE Inspection Gait Evaluation Vascular Examination Neurologic Examination Motor Examination Palpation and Stability Assessment Range of Motion (ROM) SECTION 3 RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE SECTION 4 ADULT HALLUX VALGUS SECTION 5 JUVENILE AND ADOLESCENT HALLUX VALGUS SECTION 6 HALLUX VARUS SECTION 7 LESSER-TOE DEFORMITIES Anatomy and Function Deformities SECTION 8 HYPERKERATOTIC PATHOLOGIES Intractable Plantar Keratosis (IPK) Bunionette Deformity (Tailor's Bunion) SECTION 9 SESAMOIDS Anatomy Deformities SECTION 10 ACCESSORY BONES SECTION 11 NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS Interdigital Neuritis (Morton Neuroma) Recurrent Neuroma Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Plantar Nerve Problems Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Superficial Peroneal Nerve Entrapment Sural or Saphenous Nerve Entrapment Sequelae of Upper Motor Neuron Disorders Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Disease Peripheral Nerve Injury and Tendon Transfers SECTION 12 ARTHRITIC DISEASE Crystalline Disease Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy (SNSA) Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis SECTION 13 POSTURAL DISORDERS Pes Planus (Flatfoot Deformity) Pes Cavus Deformity SECTION 14 TENDON DISORDERS Achilles Tendon Peroneal Tendons Posterior Tibial Tendon Anterior Tibial Tendon Flexor Hallucis Longus SECTION 15 HEEL PAIN Plantar Heel Pain Achilles Disorders SECTION 16 ANKLE PAIN AND SPORTS INJURIES Ankle Sprains High Ankle Sprains Ankle Impingement Osteochondral Lesions Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome Technical Pearls for Ankle Arthroscopy SECTION 17 THE DIABETIC FOOT Pathophysiology Clinical Problems SECTION 18 TRAUMA Phalangeal Fractures Metatarsal Fractures First MTP Joint Injuries Tarsometatarsal Fractures and Dislocations (Lisfranc Injury) Midfoot Injuries (Excluding Lisfranc Injuries) Talus Fractures Calcaneus Fractures Peritalar (Subtalar) Dislocations Compartment Syndrome Ankle Fractures Pilon (Tibial Plafond) Fractures TESTABLE CONCEPTS 7 HAND, UPPER EXTREMITY, AND MICROVASCULAR SURGERY Anatomy Distal Radius Fractures Carpal Fractures and Instability Metacarpal and Phalangeal Injuries Tendon Injuries and Overuse Syndromes Distal Radioulnar Joint, Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex, and Wrist Arthroscopy Nail and Fingertip Injuries Soft Tissue Coverage and Microsurgery Vascular Disorders Compression Neuropathy Nerve Injuries and Tendon Transfers Arthritis Idiopathic Osteonecrosis of the Carpus Dupuytren Disease Hand Tumors Hand Infections Injection Injury Congenital Hand Differences Elbow TESTABLE CONCEPTS 8 SPINE Introduction Cervical Spine Thoracic Spine Lumbar Spine Adult Deformity Sacropelvis Spinal Tumors Spinal Infections and Inflammatory Arthritides Spinal Trauma TESTABLE CONCEPTS 9 ORTHOPAEDIC PATHOLOGY SECTION 1 PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE Presentation Imaging Biopsy (Bone and Soft Tissue) Molecular Biology (Bone and Soft Tissue) Grading (Bone and Soft Tissue) Staging (Bone and Soft Tissue) Treatment (Bone and Soft Tissue) SECTION 2 SOFT TISSUE TUMORS Introduction Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors (Soft Tissue Sarcomas) Soft Tissue Sarcoma Subtypes Benign Soft Tissue Tumors Tumors of Fibrous Tissue Tumors of Fatty Tissue Tumors of Neural Tissue Vascular Tumors Synovial Proliferative Disorders Posttraumatic Conditions Clinical Pearls for Soft Tissue Sarcoma SECTION 3 BONE TUMORS Presentation Bone-Producing Lesions Nonosteogenic Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Hystiocytoma Chondrogenic Lesions Fibrous Lesions Notochordal Tissue Tumors Vascular Tumors Hematopoietic Tumors Tumors of Unknown Origin Tumorlike Conditions Metastatic Bone Disease TESTABLE CONCEPTS 10 REHABILITATION: GAIT, AMPUTATIONS, PROSTHESES, ORTHOSES, AND NEUROLOGIC INJURY 1 SECTION 1 GAIT Walking Gait Dynamics Determinants of Gait (Motion Patterns) Muscle Action Pathologic Gait SECTION 2 AMPUTATIONS Introduction Metabolic Cost of Amputee Gait Load Transfer Amputation Wound Healing Pediatric Amputation Amputation After Trauma Risk Factors Musculoskeletal Tumors Technical Considerations Complications Upper Limb Amputations Lower Limb Amputations SECTION 3 PROSTHESES Upper Limb Lower Limb SECTION 4 ORTHOSES Introduction Shoes Foot Orthoses Ankle-Foot Orthoses Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Elbow Orthosis Wrist-Hand Orthosis Fracture Braces Pediatric Orthoses Spine Orthoses SECTION 5 SURGERY FOR STROKE AND CLOSED-HEAD INJURY Introduction Lower Limb Upper Limb SECTION 6 POSTPOLIO SYNDROME Cause Treatment TESTABLE CONCEPTS 11 TRAUMA SECTION 1 CARE OF THE MULTIPLY INJURED PATIENT Principles of Trauma Care Care of Injuries to Specific Tissues Biomechanics of Fracture Healing Biomechanics of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) SECTION 2 UPPER EXTREMITY Shoulder Injuries Humeral Injuries Elbow Injuries Forearm Fractures Wrist Fractures Carpal Injuries Hand Injuries SECTION 3 LOWER EXTREMITY AND PELVIS Pelvic and Acetabular Injuries Femoral and Hip Injuries Knee Injuries Tibial Injuries SECTION 4 PEDIATRIC TRAUMA Introduction Child Abuse Physeal Fractures Pediatric Polytrauma Shoulder and Arm Injuries Elbow Injuries Forearm Fractures Pediatric Scaphoid Fracture Lower Extremity Injuries TESTABLE CONCEPTS 12 PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE Introduction Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter (2002) Aspirational Documents Standards of Professionalism Child, Elder, and Spousal Abuse Sexual Misconduct The Impaired Physician Sports Medicine Issues Research Medical Liability TESTABLE CONCEPTS 13 BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN INTRODUCTION Selecting a Research Study Design Evidence-Based Medicine Clinical Research Designs Common Flaws in Research Designs How Many Subjects Are Needed to Complete a Research Study? What Outcomes Should Be Included in a Research Study? Describing Your Data With Simple Statistics Concepts in Epidemiologic Research Studies Testing Your Hypotheses With Statistics What Statistical Test to Use in Research Studies Validity and Reliability Interpretation of Statistical Test Results TESTABLE CONCEPTS