Medicine at a Glance

Preface to third edition xii Preface to fourth edition xiii List of contributors xiv Acknowledgements xvi List of abbreviations xviii How to use your revision guide xxiii About the companion website xxvii Introduction 1 1 How to be a medical student 2 2 Patient confidentiality 4 3 Consent 6 4 Relationship with the patient 8 5 History of presenting complaint 10 6 Past medical history, drugs and allergies 12 7 Family and social history 14 8 Functional enquiry 15 9 Principles of examination 16 10 Basic clinical skills 17 11 Is the patient ill? 22 12 The critically ill patient 24 Clinical presentations at a glance 27 Cardiovascular disease 13 Chest pain 28 14 Oedema 32 15 Palpitations 34 16 The painful leg 35 17 Heart murmurs 36 18 Shock 38 Respiratory disease 19 Breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis 40 20 Wheeze (stridor) 44 21 Pleural effusion 45 22 Pneumothorax 46 Gastroenterology 23 Unintentional weight loss 48 24 Constipation and change in bowel habit 50 25 Diarrhoea: acute and chronic 52 26 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction 54 27 Haematemesis and melaena 56 28 Rectal bleeding 60 29 Dysphagia 62 30 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia 64 31 Jaundice 66 32 Abdominal mass 68 33 Ascites 69 Renal medicine 34 Polyuria and oliguria 70 35 Dysuria, frequency and urgency 72 36 Haematuria 73 Endocrinology 37 Sweating, flushing and thyroid swellings 74 38 Obesity 77 39 Hirsutism and infertility 80 40 Erectile dysfunction and gynaecomastia 82 Infectious disease 41 Principles of infection 84 42 Diagnosis of infection 86 43 Fever and the assessment of the patient with presumed infection 88 44 Fever and infections in hospital patients 90 45 Fever of unknown origin 93 46 Fever and rash 96 47 Fever in HIV-infected patients 98 48 Fever in the returned traveller 100 49 Vaginal discharge and urethritis 102 Haematology 50 Anaemia 104 51 Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly 106 52 The patient with abnormal bleeding or bruising 108 53 Leukopenia 109 Oncology 54 Oncological emergencies 110 Neurology 55 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 1 112 56 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 2 114 57 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 3: neuroepidemiology 116 58 Common neurological symptoms 117 59 Weakness 120 60 Disturbance of vision: a neurological perspective 123 61 Sudden painless loss of vision 126 62 Tremor and other involuntary movements 128 63 Headache and facial pain 130 64 Episodic alterations in awareness and consciousness 132 Ophthalmology 65 The red eye 136 Rheumatology 66 Introduction to rheumatological disease 138 67 Low back pain and other regional pain syndromes 142 Dermatology 68 Introduction to dermatology 146 69 Pruritis and rashes 148 70 Hair and nail disorders 150 71 Leg ulcers 152 72 Photodermatoses 153 Women’s health 73 Pelvic pain 154 74 Urinary incontinence 156 Other acute medical emergencies 75 Attempted suicide by drug poisoning 158 76 Anaphylaxis 160 77 Allergic reactions 162 78 Cardiac and respiratory arrest 164 79 Delirium 166 80 Coma 169 Diseases and treatments at a glance 172 Cardiovascular disease 81 Hypertension 175 82 Hyperlipidaemia 178 83 Acute coronary syndromes 181 84 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 186 85 Chronic coronary syndromes 190 86 Aortic dissection 194 87 Heart failure 196 88 Aortic valve disease 200 89 Mitral valve disease 202 90 Cardiomyopathies 204 91 Pericardial disease 205 92 Pulmonary embolism 206 93 Cardiac infections 208 94 Tachyarrhythmias 210 95 Bradyarrhythmias 216 96 Congenital heart disease 218 Respiratory disease 97 Lung function tests 220 98 Sleep apnoea 221 99 Respiratory failure 222 100 Arterial blood gas analysis 224 101 Chest X-ray anatomy 226 102 Basic chest X-ray interpretation 228 103 Chest X-ray cases 1 230 104 Chest X-ray cases 2 232 105 Non-invasive ventilation 234 106 Mechanical ventilation 236 107 Lower respiratory tract infection: pneumonia 238 108 Upper respiratory tract infection 241 109 Asthma 242 110 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 245 111 Bronchiectasis 248 112 Cystic fi brosis 250 113 Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous lung diseases 252 114 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) 254 115 Pulmonary fi brosis 256 116 Pulmonary eosinophilia and vasculitis 258 117 Fungi and the lung 260 118 Industrial lung disease 262 119 Lung disease caused by drugs 264 120 BOOP and ARDS 265 121 Primary tumours of the lung 266 Gastroenterology 122 Food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections 268 123 Refl ux 269 124 Peptic ulcer disease 270 125 Diverticular disease 271 126 Iron defi ciency 272 127 Abnormal liver function tests 274 128 Infl ammatory bowel disease 276 129 Malabsorption 278 130 Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer 280 131 Gallstone disease 282 132 Infl ammatory liver disease: viral and immune 283 133 Acute and chronic liver disease 287 134 Metabolic liver disease (including alcohol) 290 135 Upper gastrointestinal cancer 292 136 Colorectal cancer 294 137 Imaging in gastrointestinal disease 296 138 Functional gastrointestinal disorders 297 139 Nutrition 298 Renal medicine 140 Renal physiology and function tests 300 141 Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia 302 142 Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia 304 143 Disorders of acid–base balance 306 144 Urinary calculi 308 145 Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes 310 146 Glomerulonephritis 312 147 Renal involvement in systemic disease 314 148 Hereditary renal disorders 318 149 Tubulointerstitial disease 320 150 Acute renal failure 322 151 Chronic renal failure and the dialysis patient 324 152 The renal transplant recipient 326 153 Drugs and renal failure 328 154 Benign prostatic hypertrophy 329 155 Urinary tract infection 330 Endocrinology 156 Diabetes mellitus 332 157 Complications of diabetes 334 158 Diabetic emergencies 336 159 Hyperprolactinaemia and acromegaly 337 160 Hypothyroidism 338 161 Hyperthyroidism 340 162 Calcium metabolism 342 163 Adrenal disease 344 164 Miscellaneous endocrine disorders 346 165 Hypogonadism 348 Infectious disease 166 Bacteraemia and septic shock 350 167 Common viral infections in adults 352 168 HIV infection and AIDS 354 169 Common fungal infections 356 170 Specifi c bacterial infections 358 171 Malaria 360 172 Tuberculosis 362 173 Tropical infectious diseases 364 174 Diseases predisposing to infection 366 175 Immunological defi ciency syndromes 368 Haematology 176 Haematinic defi ciency anaemias 372 177 Haemolytic anaemia 374 178 Thalassaemia and sickle cell disease 378 179 Bone marrow failure 380 180 Acute leukaemia 382 181 Chronic leukaemia 384 182 Lymphoma 386 183 Myeloproliferative disorders 388 184 Myeloma 390 185 Myelodysplasia 391 186 The blood in systemic disease 392 187 Platelet disorders 396 188 Disorders of coagulation 398 189 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs 400 190 Thrombophilia 402 Oncology 191 Aetiology of cancer 404 192 Diagnostic strategies and basic principles of cancer management 406 193 Cancer screening and early detection 408 194 Breast cancer 410 195 Prostate cancer 412 196 Cancer with an unknown primary 414 197 Paraneoplastic syndromes and hormone-producing cancers 416 198 Palliative care 418 Neurology 199 Head computed tomography cases 420 200 Head magnetic resonance imaging cases 422 201 Stroke 424 202 Management of stroke 426 203 Other vascular disorders of the brain 428 204 Dementias 430 205 Epilepsy 432 206 Multiple sclerosis 434 207 Infections of the central nervous system 436 208 Tumours and the nervous system 438 209 Spinal cord disease 440 210 Neuromuscular disease 442 211 Peripheral neuropathy 444 212 Movement disorders 446 Rheumatology 213 Osteoarthritis 448 214 Gout and pseudogout 450 215 Arthritis associated with infectious agents 452 216 Metabolic bone disease 454 217 Other bone disease 456 218 Rheumatoid arthritis 458 219 Seronegative spondyloarthropathies 462 220 Vasculitis 466 221 Systemic lupus erythematosus 469 222 Infl ammatory muscle disease and selected forms of vasculitis 472 Dermatology 223 Eczema and urticaria 474 224 Psoriasis 477 225 Acne, rosacea and hidradenitis 478 226 Disorders of skin pigmentation 479 227 Blistering diseases 480 228 Skin infections and infestations 482 229 The skin and systemic disease 485 230 Skin tumours 488 231 Orogenital disease 490 Women’s health 232 Endometriosis and adenomyosis 492 233 Polycystic ovarian syndrome 494 234 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 496 235 Cardiovascular disease in pregnancy 498 236 Other medical and surgical conditions in pregnancy 500 Miscellaneous 237 Fluid replacement therapy 502 238 Illness in elderly people 504 239 Chronic tiredness and other medically unexplained symptoms 506 240 Psychiatric disorders 508 241 Substance misuse 510 242 Alcohol misuse 512 243 Drug toxicity (adverse drug reactions) 514 Index 519