Jacaranda Core Science Stage 4 NSW Australian Curriculum, learnON & Print

About this book viii Acknowledgements xi 1 Investigating 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 What do scientists do? 4 1.3 The science laboratory 7 1.4 Observing and inferring 14 1.5 Reporting on investigations 22 1.6 Designing investigations 29 1.7 Famous scientists 34 1.8 Project: An inspiration for the future 37 1.9 Review 39 2 Cells — the building blocks of life 46 2.1 Overview 46 2.2 Using a microscope 47 2.3 The right tool for the job 52 2.4 A whole new world! 55 2.5 Living things are made of cells 58 2.6 What a cell needs! 62 2.7 One cell or more? 68 2.8 Cells getting organized 71 2.9 Cells of all shapes and sizes 73 2.10 Focus on plants 76 2.11 Review 78 3 States of matter 83 3.1 Overview 83 3.2 What’s the matter? 85 3.3 The particle model 87 3.4 A solid performance 91 3.5 Going with the flow 94 3.6 Changing states 98 3.7 Density 105 3.8 Expansion and contraction 109 3.9 Under pressure! 113 3.10 Plasma — the fourth state of matter 116 3.11 Review 117 4 Classification 122 4.1 Overview 122 4.2 Why classify? 124 4.3 Is it alive? 127 4.4 Identification keys 132 4.5 Classifying small living things 135 4.6 Classification of animals using structural features 140 4.7 Meet the vertebrates 143 4.8 Surviving in the Australian environment 147 4.9 Classifying plants 151 4.10 Project: Snakes alive! 155 4.11 Review 156 5 Separating mixtures 160 5.1 Overview 160 5.2 Pure substances and mixtures 162 5.3 Looking for solutions 166 5.4 Mixing insoluble substances 170 5.5 Separate ways 172 5.6 Separating blood 176 5.7 Separating solutions 179 5.8 Down the S-bend 186 5.9 Fit to drink? 188 5.10 Project: The diamond flush 192 5.11 Review 193 6 The solar system 198 6.1 Overview 198 6.2 Voyage to the planets 200 6.3 A very important star 208 6.4 Rocks in space 211 6.5 The Earth in motion 214 6.6 The moon in motion 218 6.7 Lunar and solar eclipses 225 6.8 Early ideas in astronomy 228 6.9 Review 236 7 Forces in action 241 7.1 Overview 241 7.2 What are forces? 242 7.3 Friction 247 7.4 Magnetic forces 253 7.5 Electrostatic forces 261 7.6 Gravitational forces 267 7.7 Buoyancy and surface tension 273 7.8 Using technology to reduce the impact of forces 277 7.9 Review 281 8 Body systems 286 8.1 Overview 286 8.2 All systems go! 288 8.3 Taking in nutrients 292 8.4 The digestive system 298 8.5 Physical or chemical digestion? 302 8.6 Dietary deficiencies — one problem, many opinions 305 8.7 Breathe in, breathe out 309 8.8 Blood highways 314 8.9 Have a heart 318 8.10 Getting rid of waste 324 8.11 Bodies on the move 328 8.12 Review 333 9 The structure and properties of matter 338 9.1 Overview 338 9.2 The history of the atom 340 9.3 The structure of the atom 344 9.4 It’s elementary! 347 9.5 Grouping elements 351 9.6 Compounds 355 9.7 Making molecules 359 9.8 Polymers 362 9.9 Mixed-up metals 364 9.10 Carbon — the stuff of life 367 9.11 Project: Science TV 370 9.12 Review 372 10 The changing Earth 377 10.1 Overview 377 10.2 Solid rock 380 10.3 Fiery rocks 383 10.4 Wearing away 388 10.5 It’s sedimentary, Watson! 392 10.6 Time trapped in rocks 396 10.7 Rocky changes 400 10.8 Human-made erosion 404 10.9 Review 407 11 Energy 412 11.1 Overview 412 11.2 Energy transfers and transformations 414 11.3 Heat and temperature 420 11.4 Using electrical energy 430 11.5 Technological solutions to energy efficiency 444 11.6 Project: Going green 452 11.7 Review 454 12 Chemical changes 458 12.1 Overview 458 12.2 Time for a change? 460 12.3 Describing chemical changes 464 12.4 Faster and slower 468 12.5 Rusting is a chemical reaction 473 12.6 Feel the burn 476 12.7 Acids and bases 479 12.8 Acid rain 484 12.9 Review 489 13 From one to many 494 13.1 Overview 494 13.2 Multiplying by dividing 496 13.3 Out of control! 500 13.4 Plant parts 506 13.5 Leafy exchanges 510 13.6 The sex life of plants 516 13.7 Plants and parenthood 519 13.8 Plant research project 522 13.9 All about the birds and bees 526 13.10 Where do babies come from? 529 13.11 Womb with a view 534 13.12 Review 539 14 Earth’s precious resources 545 14.1 Overview 545 14.2 Nature’s resources 547 14.3 Extracting fossil fuels 550 14.4 Using fossil fuels 553 14.5 Make mine renewable 558 14.6 Mining for metals 560 14.7 Mining and the environment 563 14.8 Using metals 567 14.9 Avoid, re-use or recycle 570 14.10 Water world 574 14.11 Water management 577 14.12 Review 582 15 Ecology 587 15.1 Overview 587 15.2 A place to call home 589 15.3 Who’s hungry? 594 15.4 Caught in a web 596 15.5 Antarctica — the last frontier 599 15.6 Friendly microbes 606 15.7 Call in the decomposers 609 15.8 Extreme weather ahead 614 15.9 A fiery start 620 15.10 Using science to improve agricultural practices 624 15.11 Project: Small acts, big changes 630 15.12 Review 631 16 Health science 635 16.1 Overview 635 16.2 Looking for patterns to address health issues 637 16.3 Discovering germs 642 16.4 Germs all around us 646 16.5 A weapon against bacteria 649 16.6 A little knowledge goes a long way 653 16.7 Bacteria at your service 659 16.8 Replacement parts 663 16.9 Healthy careers 667 16.10 Review 671 17 Student research project and skills 675 17.1 Overview 675 17.2 Choosing a problem 677 17.3 Thinking about your problem 681 17.4 Organising your thinking 687 17.5 Research and record keeping 691 17.6 Designing your method 694 17.7 Presenting your results 699 17.8 Using technology: spreadsheets 707 17.9 Using technology: databases 709 17.10 Writing your report 712 17.11 Project: Bigger, better beans 715 17.12 Review 715 Glossary 719 Index 736