Guide to US Food Laws and Regulations

List of Contributors xv About the Companion Website xvii Chapter 1 Introduction to Laws and Regulations 1 Patricia A. Curtis Introduction 1 Sources of American Law 2 The Constitution 2 Statutory Law 3 Common Law 3 Equity 3 Public and Private Law 3 Private Law 3 Public Law 3 Legislative Branch 4 Judicial Branch 5 Federal Court System 5 The Supreme Court 5 Courts of Appeals 5 US District Courts 6 Special Courts 6 Executive Branch 6 Sources of Legislation 7 How a Bill Becomes a Law 8 Introduction 8 Considered in Committee 8 Reintroduction 9 Debate in Congress 9 Presidential Action 10 Enrollment Where to Find Legal Information 11 Law-making Process 12 The Laws 13 Conventional Search Method 16 Example Search 16 How Regulations are Made 17 The Rule-making Process and Publication 17 Example 18 Code of Federal Regulations 18 Using the Code of Federal Regulations 19 Example 19 References 20 Additional Resources 21 Chapter 2 How Did We Get Where We Are Today? 23 Patricia A. Curtis, Emily L. Steinberg, Michelle A. Parisi, and Julie K. Northcutt Introduction 23 Reasons for Food Laws 24 American Food Laws 25 The “Poison Squad” 28 The Jungle 31 The Need for a New Food and Drug Law 33 Elixir of Sulfanilamide: Raspberry Flavored Death 36 Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 37 Silent Spring and the Environmental Protection Agency 38 First Amendment to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 38 Public Health Service Act 39 Milestones in US Food and Drug History (FDA 2010) 39 A Brief History of Agricultural-Related Agencies 46 USDA 47 State Departments of Agriculture 47 Environmental Protection Agency 47 Food and Drug Administration 48 Current Consumer and Regulatory Concerns 48 Summary of Major Food Laws 49 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 49 Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 49 Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 49 Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957 (as amended 1968) 49 Food Additive Amendment of 1958 49 Color Additive Amendment of 1960 50 Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966 50 Egg Products Inspection Act of 1970 50 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 50 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 50 Saccharin Notice Repeal Act of 1996 50 Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 50 Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 50 Pediatric Rule (1999) 51 The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of 2002 51 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 51 Project BioShield Act of 2004 51 Food Allergy Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 51 Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 51 Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act of 2004 52 References 52 Further Reading 53 Chapter 3 Federal, State, and Local Laws 55 Patricia A. Curtis Introduction 55 National versus State Government 56 National Government 56 State Government 57 The Civil War Amendments 58 Powers of the National Government and State Governments 58 Food-related Laws and Regulations 60 Food Safety and Inspection Service 60 Food and Drug Administration 62 Shellfish Program 62 Milk Program 63 Retail Food Protection Program 64 Food Safety 65 Local Government 67 Tribal Governments 69 Summary 70 References 70 Chapter 4 Major Food Laws and Regulations 73 Julie K. Northcutt and Michelle A. Parisi Introduction 73 Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) 73 Amendments to the Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) 76 Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) of 1957 76 Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and Wholesome Poultry Product Act of 1968 77 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), 1938 77 Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1938 80 Miller Pesticide Amendment, 1954 81 Food Additive Amendment, 1958 82 Color Additive Amendment, 1960 83 Dietary Supplement Health Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 86 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act of 2002 89 FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FFSMA) of 2011 91 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 93 Conclusion 95 References 95 Chapter 5 US Federal Laws affecting Food Labeling 97 Michelle A. Parisi, Julie K. Northcutt, and Emily L. Steinberg Introduction 97 History of food labeling 98 Standards of identity 98 Overview of major food labeling laws 99 Construction of a food label 103 The principal display panel (PDP) 103 NLEA of 1990 105 The nutrition facts panel 107 Food labeling nutrient and health claims 113 The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 116 Labeling exemptions 117 Results of over 70 years of food labeling regulation 117 Conclusion 118 References 118 Chapter 6 Environmental Regulations and the Food Industry 121 Theodore A. Feitshans Introduction 121 Discharges to surface and ground waters 121 Solid waste 124 Hazardous waste 126 Use of water 126 Regulation of water sources 128 Discharges to air 129 Chemical use, storage, release, and transport 131 Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) 131 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 132 Siting and operation of facilities 137 Environmental risk management 138 References 140 Legal authorities 141 Chapter 7 OSHA Regulations and the Food Industry 143 Patricia A. Curtis Introduction 143 Mission 144 OSHA statistics 145 Women of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 145 Workplace fatalities 146 Retail trade sector 146 Food manufacturing 147 Food service 148 Government workers 148 Rights and responsibilities under OSHA law 149 Selected OSHA Standards and Guidelines 151 Hazard communications 151 Ergonomics 152 Enforcement 153 Inspections 154 Outreach, education, and compliance assistance 155 Filing a complaint with OSHA 156 Complaint filing options 157 Summary 157 References 158 Further Reading 159 Chapter 8 Federal Trade Commission Regulations and the Food Industry 161 Patricia A. Curtis Introduction 161 Mission 161 Authorizing Acts 162 Bureau of Consumer Protection 162 The Division of Advertising Practices 163 The Division of Enforcement 164 Division of Consumer and Business Education 165 Division of Financial Services 165 Division of Marketing Practices 166 Division of Planning and Information 167 Division of Privacy and Identity Protection 168 Bureau of Competition 169 Bureau of Economics 169 Sample enforcement actions 169 References 170 Chapter 9 An Introduction to Kosher and Halal Food Laws 171 Joe M. Regenstein, Muhammad M. Chaudry, and Carrie E. Regenstein Introduction 171 The kosher and halal laws 172 The kosher and halal market 175 Kosher 176 The kosher dietary laws 176 Kosher: special foods 184 Passover 187 Kosher: other processing issues 188 Halal 194 Halal dietary laws 194 Halal cooking, food processing, and sanitation 200 Both kosher and halal 200 Science 200 Pet food 202 Health 202 Regulatory 203 Federal and State Regulations 209 Animal welfare 210 Acknowledgment 211 References 211 Further Reading 212 Additional Resources 212 Chapter 10 Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Agricultural Crops and Food 213 Emily L. Steinberg, Michelle A. Parisi, and Julie K. Northcutt Introduction 213 Biotechnology, genetically modified, and genetic engineering 215 Regulation of GM foods in the United States 216 USDA 216 EPA 216 FDA 217 Biotechnology versus organic agriculture 220 Legal issues – NOP and biotechnology 221 Common examples of GM products 221 Flavr Savr TomatoTM 221 Bt corn 222 L-tryptophan 223 Biotechnology-related court cases 224 International Dairy Foods Assoc. v. Boggs 224 Alliance for Bio-Integrity v. Shalala 225 Monsanto v. Geertson Farms 225 Conclusion 225 References 226 Chapter 11 Animal Welfare Regulations and Food Production 227 Kenneth E. Anderson Introduction 227 Participants in the welfare debate 229 Impact on public perception 232 Economics 233 What needs to be done 234 References 235 Further Reading 238 Chapter 12 Egg Laws and Regulations 239 Patricia A. Curtis Introduction 239 History 239 Federal Egg Laws 241 Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA) 243 Federal-State Agreements 243 Egg Safety Final Rule Implementation 246 Compliance Dates 246 Salmonella Enteritidis 246 Required SE Prevention Measures 247 State Egg Laws 254 References 254 Additional Resources 255 Chapter 13 Regulations Governing Poultry Processing 257 Brooke Caudill Introduction 257 Poultry Products Inspection Act (21 USC 451) 260 Poultry Products Inspection Regulations (9 CFR 381) 263 Poultry Processing Operations 265 Ante-mortem 266 Slaughter 267 Feather Removal 267 Evisceration and Post-mortem Inspection 268 Reinspection 272 Finished Product Standards (FPS) 273 Facilities Required for Inspection 276 Chilling 278 Post-chill 279 Pathogen Reduction Standards 279 HACCP Systems (9 CFR 417) 280 New Inspection System Proposal 281 New Poultry Inspection System for Young Chickens and Turkeys 282 Online Carcass Inspection 283 Offline Verification Inspection 283 Elimination of Finished Product Standards 284 Maximum Line Speeds 284 Proposed Changes Affecting All Poultry Slaughter Establishments 285 Zero Tolerance for Visible Fecal Material Before Chilling 285 Generic E. coli Testing and Salmonella Performance Standards 287 HACCP 288 Proposed Changes Affecting Only Traditional Inspection 289 Poultry Products Inspection Regulations (9 CFR 381) 292 Definitions of Nonconformances 300 References 305 Chapter 14 What Are They Doing Up There? Contacting Your Congressional (House) Member 307 Jessica Butler Writing to your Congressman/Congresswoman 307 Calling your Congressman/Congresswoman 308 District office 308 DC office 309 Visiting your Congressman/Congresswoman 309 Jobs on the Hill (House of Representatives) 310 Intern 310 Staff Assistant (SA) 311 Legislative Correspondent (LC) 311 Communications Director (Comm’s Director) 312 Legislative Assistant (LA) 312 Legislative Director (LD) 313 Chief of Staff (COS) 313 Fellowships 313 When traveling to Washington DC 314 Index 317