Handbook of Road Ecology

Notes on Contributors ix Foreword xx Richard T. T. Forman Preface xxii Acknowledgements xxiv About the companion website xxvi 1 The ecological effects of linear infrastructure and traffic: Challenges and opportunities of rapid global growth 1 Rodney van der Ree, Daniel J. Smith and Clara Grilo 2 Bad roads, good roads 10 William F. Laurance 3 Why keep areas road‐free? The importance of roadless areas 16 Nuria Selva, Adam Switalski, Stefan Kreft and Pierre L. Ibisch 4 Incorporating biodiversity issues into road design: The road agency perspective 27 Kevin Roberts and Anders Sjölund 5 Improving environmental impact assessment and road planning at the landscape scale 32 Jochen A. G. Jaeger 6 What transportation agencies need in environmental impact assessments and other reports to minimise ecological impacts 43 Josie Stokes 7 Principles underpinning biodiversity offsets and guidance on their use 51 Yung En Chee 8 Construction of roads and wildlife mitigation measures: Pitfalls and opportunities 60 Cameron Weller 9 Ensuring the completed road project is designed, built and operated as intended 65 Rodney van der Ree, Stephen Tonjes and Cameron Weller 10 Good science and experimentation are needed in road ecology 71 Rodney van der Ree, Jochen A. G. Jaeger, Trina Rytwinski and Edgar A. van der Grift 11 Field methods to evaluate the impacts of roads on wildlife 82 Daniel J. Smith and Rodney van der Ree 12 Case study: A robust method to obtain defendable data on wildlife mortality 96 Éric Guinard, Roger Prodon and Christophe Barbraud 13 Road–wildlife mitigation planning can be improved by identifying the patterns and processes associated with wildlife-vehicle collisions 101 Kari Gunson and Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira 14 Incorporating landscape genetics into road ecology 110 Paul Sunnucks and Niko Balkenhol 15 Guidelines for evaluating use of wildlife crossing structures 119 Edgar A. van der Grift and Rodney van der Ree 16 Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of road mitigation measures 129 Edgar A. van der Grift, Rodney van der Ree and Jochen A. G. Jaeger 17 How to maintain safe and effective mitigation measures 138 Rodney van der Ree and Stephen Tonjes 18 Understanding and mitigating the negative effects of road lighting on ecosystems 143 Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. DeVault and Thomas W. Seamans 19 Ecological impacts of road noise and options for mitigation 151 Kirsten M. Parris 20 Fencing: A valuable tool for reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and funnelling fauna to crossing structures 159 Rodney van der Ree, Jeffrey W. Gagnon and Daniel J. Smith 21 Wildlife crossing structures: An effective strategy to restore or maintain wildlife connectivity across roads 172 Daniel J. Smith, Rodney van der Ree and Carme Rosell 22 Recreational co‐use of wildlife crossing structures 184 Rodney van der Ree and Edgar A. van der Grift 23 Predator-prey interactions at wildlife crossing structures: Between myth and reality 190 Cristina Mata, Roberta Bencini, Brian K. Chambers and Juan E. Malo 24 Wildlife warning signs and animal detection systems aimed at reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions 198 Marcel P. Huijser, Christa Mosler‐Berger, Mattias Olsson and Martin Strein 25 Use of reflectors and auditory deterrents to prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions 213 Gino D’Angelo and Rodney van der Ree 26 Ecological effects of railways on wildlife 219 Benjamin Dorsey, Mattias Olsson and Lisa J. Rew 27 Impacts of utility and other industrial linear corridors on wildlife 228 A. David M. Latham and Stan Boutin 28 The impacts of roads and traffic on terrestrial animal populations 237 Trina Rytwinski and Lenore Fahrig 29 Insects, snails and spiders: The role of invertebrates in road ecology 247 Heinrich Reck and Rodney van der Ree 30 Case study: Protecting Christmas Island’s iconic red crabs from vehicles 258 Rob Muller and Mike Misso 31 Making a safe leap forward: Mitigating road impacts on amphibians 261 Andrew J. Hamer, Thomas E. S. Langton and David Lesbarrères 32 Reptiles: Overlooked but often at risk from roads 271 Kimberly M. Andrews, Tom A. Langen and Richard P. J. H. Struijk 33 Flight doesn’t solve everything: Mitigation of road impacts on birds 281 Angela Kociolek, Clara Grilo and Sandra Jacobson 34 Bats and roads 290 Isobel M. Abbott, Anna Berthinussen, Emma Stone, Martijn Boonman, Markus Melber and John Altringham 35 Carnivores: Struggling for survival in roaded landscapes 300 Clara Grilo, Daniel J. Smith and Nina Klar 36 Case study: Roads and jaguars in the Mayan forests 313 Eugenia Pallares, Carlos Manterola, Dalia A. Conde and Fernando Colchero 37 Case study: Finding the middle road – grounded approaches to mitigate highway impacts in tiger reserves 317 Sanjay Gubbi AND H.C. Poornesha 38 Case study: African wild dogs and the fragmentation menace 322 Brendan Whittington‐Jones and Harriet Davies‐Mostert 39 Roads, traffic and verges: Big problems and big opportunities for small mammals 325 Fernando Ascensão, Scott LaPoint and Rodney van der Ree 40 Reducing road impacts on tree‐dwelling animals 334 Kylie Soanes and Rodney van der Ree 41 Case study: Canopy bridges for primate conservation 341 Andrea Donaldson and Pamela Cunneyworth 42 Transportation and large herbivores 344 Patricia Cramer, Mattias Olsson, Michelle E. Gadd, Rodney van der Ree and Leonard E. Sielecki 43 Case study: The Mount Kenya elephant corridor and underpass 353 Susie Weeks 44 Form and function: A more natural approach to infrastructure, fish and stream habitats 357 Paul J. Wagner 45 Solutions to the impacts of roads and other barriers on fish and fish habitat 364 Fabrice Ottburg and Matt Blank 46 The function and management of roadside vegetation 373 Suzanne J. Milton, W. Richard J. Dean, Leonard E. Sielecki and Rodney van der Ree 47 Roads in the arid lands: Issues, challenges and potential solutions 382 Enhua Lee, David B. Croft and Tamar Achiron‐Frumkin 48 Road ecology in an urbanising world 391 Darryl Jones, Hans Bekker and Rodney van der Ree 49 Tropical ecosystem vulnerability and climatic conditions: Particular challenges for road planning, construction and maintenance 397 Miriam Goosem 50 The influence of economics, politics and environment on road ecology in South America 407 Alex Bager, Carlos E. Borghi and Helio Secco 51 Highway construction as a force in the destruction of the Amazon forest 414 Philip M. Fearnside 52 Road ecology in South India: Issues and mitigation opportunities 425 K. S. Seshadri and T. Ganesh 53 Planning roads through sensitive Asian landscapes: Regulatory issues, ecological implications and challenges for decision‐making 430 Asha Rajvanshi and Vinod B. Mathur 54 Setjhaba SA, South Afrika: A South African perspective of an emerging transport infrastructure 439 Wendy Collinson, Dan Parker, Claire Patterson‐Abrolat, Graham Alexander and Harriet Davies‐Mostert 55 Unfenced reserves, unparalleled biodiversity and a rapidly changing landscape: Roadways and wildlife in East Africa 448 Clinton W. Epps, Katarzyna Nowak , and Benezeth Mutayoba 56 Expected effects of a road across the Serengeti 455 Michelle E. Gadd 57 China: Building and managing a massive road and rail network and protecting our rich biodiversity 465 Yun Wang, Yaping Kong and Jiding Chen 58 Railways, roads and fences across Kazakhstan and Mongolia threaten the survival of wide‐ranging wildlife 472 Kirk A. Olson and Rodney van der Ree 59 Best‐practice guidelines and manuals 479 Marguerite Trocmé 60 Case study: The role of non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and advocates in reducing the impacts of roads on wildlife 485 Patricia White   61 Case study: Building a community of practice for road ecology 488 Paul J. Wagner and Andreas Seiler 62 Wildlife/roadkill observation and reporting systems 492 Fraser Shilling, Sarah E. Perkins and Wendy Collinson Glossary 502 Species 509 Index 513