Anatomy for Anaesthetists

Preface to the Ninth (Jubilee) Edition, xi Foreword to the First Edition, xiii Introduction to the First Edition, xiii Acknowledgements to the Ninth (Jubilee) Edition, xv Part 1: The Respiratory Pathway, Lungs, Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm The mouth, 3 The palate, 3 The nose, 6 The paranasal sinuses, 9 Blood supply, 10 Nerve supply, 11 Structure, 13 The functions of the nose, 13 The pharynx, 15 The nasopharynx, 15 The oropharynx, 16 Vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply, 17 The laryngopharynx, 18 The structure of the pharynx, 18 The muscles of the pharynx, 19 Deglutition, 21 The larynx, 24 The laryngeal cartilages, 24 The laryngeal ligaments, 26 The muscles of the larynx, 33 Blood supply, 36 Lymph drainage, 36 Nerve supply, 37 Structure, 42 The trachea, 42 Relations, 43 Vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply, 46 The main bronchi, 46 The pleura, 48 The lines of pleural reflection, 48 The intercostal spaces, 51 The intercostal muscles, 52 The neurovascular bundle, 53 The mediastinum, 56 The lungs, 57 The lung lobes, 61 The relationships at the root of the lung, 62 The bronchopulmonary segments, 63 Bronchoscopic anatomy, 66 The structure of the lung and bronchial tree, 67 The pulmonary blood supply, 69 Lymphatics, 71 Innervation, 71 The development of the respiratory tract, 71 The diaphragm, 72 Anatomical features, 72 The diaphragm as a muscle of respiration, 75 The diaphragm and the ‘cardiac sphincter’, 75 The development of the diaphragm, 76 Part 2: The Heart and Great Veins of the Neck The pericardium, 81 The heart, 82 The chambers of the heart, 84 The conducting system of the heart, 88 The blood supply of the heart, 89 Nerve supply, 90 Surface markings, 90 Developmental anatomy, 92 The development of the heart, 92 The development of the aortic arches and their derivatives, 93 The fetal circulation, 95 Congenital abnormalities of the heart and great vessels, 96 The great veins of the neck, 98 Part 3: The Vertebral Canal and its Contents The vertebrae and sacrum, 109 The vertebrae, 109 The cervical vertebrae, 109 The thoracic vertebrae, 113 The lumbar vertebrae, 114 The sacrum, 120 Vertebral anomalies, 125 The intervertebral ligaments, 127 The spinal meninges, 130 The dura mater, 130 The arachnoid mater, 131 The pia mater, 131 The compartments related to the spinal meninges, 132 The cerebrospinal fluid, 136 The spinal cord, 137 The structure of the cord, 139 Blood supply, 142 Part 4: The Peripheral Nerves The spinal nerves, 149 Meningeal relations, 149 Vertebral relations, 149 The paravertebral space, 150 The posterior primary rami, 151 The anterior primary rami, 154 The cervical plexus, 156 Formation of the plexus, 156 Summary of branches, 157 The stellate ganglion, 161 The brachial plexus, 165 Formation of the plexus, 165 The relations of the brachial plexus, 168 The branches of the brachial plexus, 169 Supraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus, 174 Infraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus, 174 Variations, 188 The segmental innervation of the upper limb, 190 The thoracic nerves, 190 Anterior primary rami, 190 The lumbar plexus, 192 Formation of the plexus, 193 Distribution of the lumbar plexus, 195 The sacral and coccygeal plexuses, 201 Formation of the plexuses, 202 Relations, 202 Summary of the branches of the sacral plexus, 204 The collateral branches, 204 The terminal branches, 205 The sciatic foramina, 219 The coccygeal plexus, 219 The segmental innervation of the lower limb, 220 Part 5: The Autonomic Nervous System Introduction, 225 Autonomic afferents, 227 The sympathetic system, 228 Spinal level, 228 The sympathetic trunk, 228 The ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, 231 The plexuses of the sympathetic system, 236 Higher sympathetic centres, 239 The parasympathetic system, 239 The cranial outflow, 239 The sacral outflow, 241 Afferent parasympathetic fibres, 241 Part 6: The Cranial Nerves Introduction, 245 The basic plan of the cranial nuclei, 245 The olfactory nerve (I), 247 The optic nerve (II), 249 The oculomotor nerve (III), 251 The trochlear nerve (IV), 253 The trigeminal nerve (V), 254 The ophthalmic nerve (V), 258 The maxillary nerve (V), 261 The mandibular nerve (V), 268 The abducent nerve (VI), 275 The facial nerve (VII), 275 The auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve (VIII), 279 The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), 281 The vagus nerve (X), 284 Course and relations, 285 The branches and distribution of the vagus nerve, 287 The accessory nerve (XI), 289 The hypoglossal nerve (XII), 290 Part 7: Miscellaneous Zones of Interest The thoracic inlet, 295 Outlines and boundaries, 295 The 1st rib, 295 Cervical ribs, 297 Surface markings, 297 The antecubital fossa, 298 Boundaries, 298 Roof, 298 Contents, 298 Structures of clinical importance, 300 The orbit and its contents, 303 The bony orbit, 303 The orbital foramina, 305 The subdivisions of the orbit, 305 The eyeball, 306 Contents of the eyeball, 308 The orbital muscles, 309 The fascial sheath of the eye, 310 The eyelids and conjunctiva, 311 The lacrimal apparatus, 312 The abdominal wall, 314 Landmarks, 314 Fascia, 315 Muscles, 315 Blood supply, 319 Nerve supply, 319 Part 8: The Anatomy of Pain Introduction, 323 Classification of pain, 324 Peripheral receptors and afferent fibres, 324 Peripheral sensitization, 325 Cutaneous nociceptors, 325 Other somatic structures, 325 Visceral nociception, 326 The spinal cord and central projections, 326 The dorsal horn, 326 Ascending systems, 328 Spinothalamic tract, 328 Spinoreticular tract, 329 Cerebral processing and the pain matrix, 329 Modulation of pain signals, 330 Cortical modulation, 330 Descending inhibitory pathways, 331 The gate control theory of pain, 332 Central sensitization of pain, 332 The autonomic nervous system and pain, 333 Index, 335