Analyzing and Conceptualizing the Theoretical Foundations of Nursing

CONTENTS Contributors Preface Acknowledgments SECTION I: DESPERATELY SEEKING THEORY 1. The Fringes of Knowledge Janice M. Morse The Science of the Art Exploring the Fringes: The Clinical Utility of Concept Inquiry The Essentialness of Examining Our Practice Why Do We Have to Know? The Role of Values in Developing Knowledge The Rise of Nursing Research and the Use of Frameworks and Models 2. Where We Came From Janice M. Morse Chasing Nursing Theory The Need for Nursing Theory The Need for Nurse Scientists The Need for Nursing Concepts Mid-Range and Situation-Specific Theories The Need for Nurse Educators The Performance and Products of Nurse Researchers Nursing Theory for Directing Nursing Actions for Patient Care The Gap Remains Did We Forget? Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going? 3. Seeing What We Know: Knowing What We See Laura Bohannan Shakespeare in the Bush 4. Incorporating Theory Into Practice Research Janice M. Morse Scenario Nursing Perspectives Dialogue Discussion 5. Orientation 101: Definitions and Other Essential Extraneous Notes Janice M. Morse Paradigm 6. The Battlefield of Knowledge: Different Purposes, Different Approaches Janice M. Morse Inductive Approaches to Concept Development Deductive Approaches to Concept Development Developing Quantitative Models and Theories Abduction The Complementary Relationship Between Qualitative and Quantitative Knowledge Last Thoughts SECTION II: ALL ABOUT CONCEPTS The Conceptualization of Concepts 7. Concepts in Context Janice M. Morse What Is Context? What Is a Concept? Behavioral Concepts The Structure of Concepts The “Anatomy” of Concepts Recontextualization The “Physiology” of Concepts Types of Concepts Approaches to Understanding Concepts The Contribution of Concepts Frameworks and Models Theory Last Words 8. Summary of Major Methods for Exploring Concepts Janice M. Morse Philosophical Methods for Concept Analysis Meta-Analytic Methods Combined Methods: Methods Using the Literature and Qualitative Data Methods Using Qualitative Inquiry Summary 9. Inductive–Deductive Pitfalls in Concept Development Janice M. Morse The Myth of Induction Exploring Qualitatively Derived Concepts: Inductive Techniques Summary 10. The Pink Elephant Paradox (or, Avoiding the Misattribution of Data) Judith A. Spiers The Importance of Nurse–Patient Communication The Concept of Vulnerability Exploring Vulnerability in Home Care Nurse–Patient Interactions Summary 11. Concept Evaluation: Determining Appropriate Strategies for Concept Development Janice M. Morse Determining Level of Maturity The Process of Assessing Concepts The Level of Maturity SECTION III: EMERGING CONCEPTS 12. Qualitative Strategies for Concept Development Janice M. Morse Targeting Concepts Using Qualitative Inquiry Building Lay Concepts Epistemologically Qualitative Methods for Developing Concepts A Mapping Method to Locate a Concept Kristy K. Martyn Qualitative Strategies for Identifying Concepts Example of Interpretative Coding: Getting Behind the Data Janice M. Morse, Kim Martz, and Terrie Vann-Ward Analytic Strategies for Identifying Attributes Qualitative Research Strategies for Expanding Concepts Summary 13. Concept Identification Using Qualitative Inquiry Janice M. Morse Developing a Concept From Data: The Example of Compathy Role of Compathy in Knowledge Development 14. Building Concepts Janice M. Morse Concept-Supporting Data The Data–Concept Link Developing Concepts to Using Studies to Support an Emerging Concept Emerging Concepts The Case of “Preserving Self” Summary 15. Qualitative Structured Techniques Janice M. Morse Targeted Strategies for Concept and Attribute Development Summary 16. The Prototypical Method Janice M. Morse The Prototypical Method The Case of Hope Summary SECTION IV: PARTIALLY DEVELOPED CONCEPTS 17. Concept Clarification: The Use of Pragmatic Utility Janice M. Morse Procedures: Doing Pragmatic Utility 18. Research Using Pragmatic Utility Janice M. Morse Example I: Concept Clarification Inside a Concept: The Conceptualizations of Caring and Caring as a Concept Comparing the Conceptualizations and Theories of Care Discussion on Caring as a Concept Example II: Concept Clarification: Accounting for Strategies of Empathetic Comforting Summary: Back to Pragmatic Utility as a Method 19. Concept Comparison Janice M. Morse The Patterns and Uses of Concept Comparison Allied Concepts Concept Comparison as a Method Patterns of Concept Comparison The Example: The Conceptual Cohesion of Social Support Judith E. Hupcey Evaluating Concepts for Appropriate Application The Example: Trust Judith E. Hupcey Recognizing When It Is Good: Criteria for Excellence in Concept Development Hints for Getting It Right “What About Reliability and Validity?” Criterion for Adequacy Summary 20. Self-Transcendence and Self-Reformulation: One Concept or Two? Patricia L. Eldershaw and Janice M. Morse Self-Transcendence Self-Reformulation Comparing the Concepts Method Results Discussion SECTION V: TOWARD MID-RANGE THEORY 21. From Concept Development to Qualitatively Derived Theory: Ethical Sensitivity in Professional Practice Kathryn Weaver Overview Concept Analysis Using Pragmatic Utility Explicating Concept Anatomy Moving From Anatomy of the Concept to Its Physiology Evaluating Concept Maturity Advancing the Concept of Ethical Sensitivity Using Critical Appraisal Toward Clearer Understanding of the Concept Beyond Concept Analyses to Systematic Classification and Theory Construction Summary 22. Linking and Ordering Concepts Janice M. Morse The Process of Qualitatively Developing Mid-Range Theories Linking Concepts Linking Concepts in the Process of Inquiry Context Dependency and Linking Concepts Determining Linkages Between Concepts Ordering Concepts Conceptual Development: The Maturity of the Theory Other Techniques for Developing Concepts to Theory Diagramming as a Tool Qualitative Generalizability The Last Thought 23. Making Useful Theory: Making Theory Useful Janice M. Morse Making Useful Theory What Is Mid-Range Theory? The Role of Theory The Structure of Mid-Range Theories Types of Qualitatively Derived Theory The Process of Qualitatively Developing Mid-Range Theories Processes of Theory Construction The Structure of Mid-Range Theory Setting Up Your Study to Develop Qualitatively Derived Theory Developing Theory Using Conceptual Inquiry Examples of Qualitatively Derived Mid-Range Theories The Place of Concept Development: Understanding Its Contribution in Research Programs and Its Contribution to Knowledge and Praxis Indices of Theoretical Adequacy Toward Certainty Rigor The Place of Concept Development Summary 24. Modes of Releasing in the Praxis Theory of Suffering: The Responses of Women to the Results of Breast Biopsy Janice M. Morse and Charlotte Pooler Literature Methods Results Discussion SECTION VI: MIXED- AND MULTIPLE-METHOD APPROACHES 25. Expanding Theory Using Mixed Methods Janice M. Morse Mixed-Method Approaches Example of Qualitatively Driven Mixed-Method Design: Patterns of Attending 26. Developing Theory Using Mixed Methods: Patterns of Attending in Nursing Joan L. Bottorff The Study of Nurse–Patient Interactions A Model of Nurse–Patient Interactions Development of a Coding Scheme to Explore Patterns of NPI Discussion Summary SECTION VII: THE QUANTITATIVE MINDFRAME 27. Developing Quantitative Theory Janice M. Morse The Role of Quantitative Theory Creating Theoretical Frameworks Evaluating the Literature Identifying the Concepts Operationalization Planning Your Research Design Building the Model The Theoretical Framework Examples of Models for Multivariate Research Frameworks Evaluating Quantitative Theory Summary 28. The Social Determinants of Health: An Expanded Conceptual Framework for Nursing Shirley M. Solberg What Are the Social Determinants of Health? Evolution of Social Determinants of Health Beginning the Debate The Social Determinants Identified Models Used for Social Determinants of Health Framework Assumptions and Principles of the Committee on the Social Determinants of Health Model Evidence for Social Determinants of Health Framework Research and the Social Determinants of Health Strategies for Research and Policy Development on the SDH Social Determinants of Health in Nursing: Possibilities SECTION VIII: TOWARD CERTAINTY: BUILDING A MATURE THEORETICAL BASE 29. Toward Certainty: Qualitative Meta-Synthesis Janice M. Morse The Development of Meta-Synthesis 30. Meta-Synthesis of Nursing Presence Deborah Finfgeld-Connett Meta-Synthesis of Nursing Presence Methodology Findings Discussion Summary 31. Perceived Competency and Resolution of Homelessness Among Women With Substance Abuse Problems Deborah Finfgeld-Connett, Tina L. Bloom, and E. Diane Johnson Methodology Findings Provision of Services in the Context of Distorted Perceptions of Competency Discussion Summary Funding 32. Developing Theory Using Meta-Analysis Janice M. Morse Meta-Analysis Doing Meta-Analysis Developing the Illness-Constellation Model 33. Toward a Theory of Illness: The Illness-Constellation Model Janice M. Morse Stage I: The Stage of Uncertainty Stage II: Stage of Disruption Stage III: Striving to Regain Self Stage IV: Regaining Wellness Discussion Other Examples of Qualitative Meta-Analysis SECTION IX: TOWARD THEORY-BASED INTERVENTIONS 34. Theoretical Coalescence Janice M. Morse The Limited Scope of Mid-Range Theory 35. The Evolution of Our Understanding of Suffering: The Praxis Theory of Suffering Janice M. Morse Background The Physiology of the Model 36. Toward Understanding Comfort and Comforting Janice M. Morse Assumptions About Comfort and Comforting Doing Theoretical Coalescence Axioms Summary 37. The Praxis Theory of Comfort and Comforting Janice M. Morse Contextual Factors Influencing Comfort and Comforting The Praxis Theory of Comfort and Comforting Nursing Approach Attaining Comfort The Comforting Interaction The Interactive Components The Complexity of Providing Comfort: The Comforting Relationship Summary 38. The Theory of Becoming Resolute: Guiding Mental Health Practice With Survivors of Maltreatment Joanne M. Hall Marginalization as the Paradigm Narrative and Theory Research Underpinnings of the Theory of Becoming Resolute Narrative Threads of Becoming Resolute Supportive Threads Central Dynamic Threads of Becoming Resolute Clinically Relevant Findings Discussion of the Study Findings Narrative Threads and Conventional Concepts Relationships Among Narrative Threads of Becoming Resolute Becoming Resolute: From Theory to Practice Clinical Principles Toward Becoming Resolute The Story From Here SECTION X: POSTFACE 39. The Myth of a Theory Base Janice M. Morse Dissemination or Dissipation? The Problem of Dissemination Summary Postface: The (R)Evolution of Nursing Index