Acid Gas Extraction for Disposal and Related Topics

Preface xv 1 Rate-Base Simulations of Absorption Processes; Fata Morgana or Panacea? 1 P.J.G. Huttenhuis and G.F. Versteeg 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Procede Process Simulator (PPS) 2 1.3 Mass Transfer Fundamentals 3 1.4 CO2 Capture Case 8 1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 15 References 16 2 Modelling in Acid Gas Removal Processes 17 Alan E. Mather 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Vapour-Liquid Equilibria 18 2.3 Modelling 21 2.3.1 Empirical Models 22 2.3.2 Activity Coefficient Models 22 2.3.3 Two (and more) Solvent Models 23 2.3.4 Single Solvent Models 24 2.3.5 Equation of State Models 24 2.4 Conclusions 25 References 26 3 Thermodynamic Approach of CO2 Capture, Combination of Experimental Study and Modeling 29 Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Thermodynamic Model 31 3.3 Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Aqueous Solutions of Alkanolamines 32 3.4 Conclusion 35 References 36 4 Employing Simulation Software for Optimized Carbon Capture Process 39 Wafa Said-Ibrahim, Irina Rumyantseva, and Manya Garg 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Acid Gas Cleaning – Process and Business Goals 40 4.3 Modeling Gas Treating in Aspen HYSYSR 42 4.3.1 Inbuilt Thermodynamics 43 4.3.2 Rate-Based Distillation in Aspen HYSYS 44 4.4 Conclusion 45 References 46 5 Expectations from Simulation 47 R. Scott Alvis, Nathan A. Hatcher, and Ralph H. Weiland 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Realism 48 5.2.1 Conclusion 1 49 5.2.2 Conclusion 2 50 5.2.3 Conclusion 3 50 5.2.4 Conclusion 4 51 5.3 Reliability of Simulation Data: What’s Data and What’s Not 52 5.3.1 Conclusion 5 54 5.3.2 Conclusion 6 54 5.3.3 Conclusion 7 55 5.3.4 Conclusion 8 55 5.4 Case Studies 56 5.4.1 Hellenic Petroleum Refinery Revamp 56 5.4.2 Treating a Refinery Fuel Gas 58 5.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal in an LNG Unit 60 5.4.4 Tail Gas Treating 65 5.5 Concluding Remarks 67 References 67 6 Calorimetry in Aqueous Solutions of Demixing Amines for Processes in CO2 Capture 69 Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam 6.1 Introduction 70 6.2 Chemicals 72 6.3 Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium 73 6.4 Mixing Enthalpies of {Water-Amine} and {Water-Amine-CO2} 75 6.4.1 Excess Enthalpies 77 6.4.2 Enthalpies of Solution 78 6.5 Acknowledgements 79 References 79 7 Speciation in Liquid-Liquid Phase-Separating Solutions of Aqueous Amines for Carbon Capture Applications by Raman Spectroscopy 81 O. Fandiño, M. Yacyshyn, J.S. Cox, and P.R. Tremaine 7.1 Introduction 81 7.2 Experimental 84 7.2.1 Materials 84 7.2.2 Sample Preparation 84 7.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Measurements 85 7.2.4 Methodology Validation 86 7.2.5 Laser Selection Optimization 86 7.3 Results and Discussion 87 7.3.1 Ammonium Carbamate System 87 7.3.2 Methylpiperidine Band Identification 88 7.3.3 (N-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 89 7.3.4 (2-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 90 7.3.5 (4-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 91 7.4 Conclusions 91 7.5 Acknowledgements 92 References 93 8 A Simple Model for the Calculation of Electrolyte Mixture Viscosities 95 Marco A. Satyro and Harvey W. Yarranton 8.1 Introduction 95 8.2 The Expanded Fluid Viscosity Model 98 8.3 Results and Discussion 99 8.3.1 EF Model for Salts Neglecting Dissociation 100 8.3.2 EF Model for Ionic Species 102 8.4 Conclusions 104 References 104 9 Phase Equilibria Investigations of Acid Gas Hydrates: Experiments and Modelling 107 Zachary T. Ward, Robert A. Marriott, and Carolyn A. Koh 9.1 Introduction 107 9.2 Experimental Methods 108 9.3 Results and Discussion 110 9.4 Conclusions 112 9.5 Acknowledgements 112 References 112 10 Thermophysical Properties, Hydrate and Phase Behaviour Modelling in Acid Gas-Rich Systems 115 Antonin Chapoy, Rod Burgass, Bahman Tohidi, Martha Hajiw, and Christophe Coquelet 10.1 Introduction 116 10.2 Experimental Setups and Procedures 117 10.2.1 Saturation and Dew Pressure Measurements and Procedures 117 10.2.2 Hydrate Dissociation Measurements and Procedures 119 10.2.3 Water Content Measurements and Procedures 120 10.2.4 Viscosity and Density Measurements and Procedures 120 10.2.5 Frost Point Measurements and Procedures 120 10.2.6 Materials 121 10.3 Thermodynamic and Viscosity Modelling 122 10.3.1 Fluid and Hydrate Phase Equilibria Model 122 10.4 Results and Discussions 128 10.5 Conclusions 136 10.6 Acknowledgements 136 References 136 11 “Self-Preservation” of Methane Hydrate in Pure Water and (Water + Diesel Oil + Surfactant) Dispersed Systems 141 Xinyang Zeng, Changyu Sun, Guangjin Chen, Fenghe Zhou, and Qidong Ran 11.1 Introduction 142 11.2 Experiments 142 11.2.1 Material 142 11.2.2 Apparatus 143 11.2.3 Experimental Procedure 146 11.3 Results and Discussion 146 11.3.1 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in Low Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 146 11.3.2 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in High Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 148 11.3.3 The Effect of Different Surfactants on Self-Preservation Effect in Different Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 149 11.4 Conclusions 151 11.5 Acknowledgement 151 References 151 12 The Development of Integrated Multiphase Flash Systems 153 Carl Landra, Yau-Kun Li, and Marco A. Satyro 12.1 Introduction 154 12.2 Algorithmic Challenges 155 12.3 Physical-Chemical Challenges 156 12.4 Why Solids? 156 12.5 Equation of State Modifications 157 12.6 Complex Liquid-Liquid Phase Behaviour 160 12.7 Hydrate Calculations 162 12.7 Conclusions and Future Work 165 References 167 13 Reliable PVT Calculations – Can Cubics Do It? 169 Herbert Loria, Glen Hay, Carl Landra, and Marco A. Satyro 13.1 Introduction 169 13.2 Two Parameter Equations of State 171 13.3 Two Parameter Cubic Equations of State Using Volume Translation 172 13.4 Three Parameter Cubic Equations of State 175 13.5 Four Parameter Cubic Equations of State 177 13.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 177 References 180 14 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Predictions of Carbon Dioxide + Hydrogen Sulfide Mixtures using the CPA, SRK, PR, SAFT, and PC-SAFT Equations of State 183 M. Naveed Khan, Pramod Warrier, Cor J. Peters, and Carolyn A. Koh 14.1 Introduction 184 14.2 Results and Discussion 185 14.3 Conclusions 188 14.4 Acknowledgements 188 References 188 15 Capacity Control Considerations for Acid Gas Injection Systems 191 James Maddocks 15.1 Introduction 191 15.2 Requirement for Capacity Control 192 15.3 Acid Gas Injection Systems 196 15.4 Compressor Design Considerations 197 15.5 Capacity Control in Reciprocating AGI Compressors 199 15.6 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/PD Pump Combinations 213 15.7 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/Centrifugal Pump Combinations 215 15.8 Capacity Control When Using Screw Compressors 215 15.9 Capacity Control When Using Centrifugal Compression 218 15.10 System Stability 219 15.11 Summary 220 Reference 220 16 Review and Testing of Radial Simulations of Plume Expansion and Confirmation of Acid Gas Containment Associated with Acid Gas Injection in an Underpressured Clastic Carbonate Reservoir 221 Alberto A. Gutierrez and James C. Hunter 16.1 Introduction 222 16.2 Site Subsurface Geology 223 16.2.1 General Stratigraphy and Structure 224 16.2.2 Geology Observed in AGI #1 and AGI #2 227 16.3 Well Designs, Drilling and Completions 227 16.3.1 AGI #1 228 16.3.2 AGI #2 231 16.4 Reservoir Testing and Modeling 232 16.4.1 AGI #1 233 16.4.2 Linam AGI #2 233 16.4.3 Comparison of Reservoir between Wells 234 16.4.4 Initial Radial Model and Plume Prediction 234 16.4.5 Confirmation of Plume Migration Model and Integrity of Caprock 236 16.5 Injection History and AGI #1 Responses 236 16.6 Discussion and Conclusions 238 References 241 17 Three-Dimensional Reservoir Simulation of Acid Gas Injection in Complex Geology – Process and Practice 243 Liaqat Ali and Russell E. Bentley 17.1 Introduction 244 17.2 Step by Step Approach to a Reservoir Simulation Study for Acid Gas Injection 245 17.3 Seismic Data and Interpretation 245 17.4 Geological Studies 246 17.5 Petrophysical Studies 246 17.6 Reservoir Engineering Analysis 247 17.7 Static Modeling 247 17.8 Reservoir Simulation 248 17.9 Case History 249 17.10 Injection Interval Structure and Modeling 249 17.11 Petrophysical Modeling and Development of Static Model 250 17.12 Injection Zone Characterization 251 17.13 Reservoir Simulation 253 17.14 Summary and Conclusions 256 References 257 18 Production Forecasting of Fractured Wells in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Discontinuous Micro-Fractures 259 Qi Qian, Weiyao Zhu, and Jia Deng 18.1 Introduction 260 18.2 Multi-Scale Flow in Shale Gas Reservoir 261 18.2.1 Multi-scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model of Shale Gas Reservoir 261 18.2.2 Adsorption – Desorption Model of Shale Gas Reservoir 263 18.3 Physical Model and Solution of Fractured Well of Shale Gas Reservoir 264 18.3.1 The Dual Porosity Spherical Model with Micro-Fractures Surface Layer 264 18.3.2 The Establishment and Solvement of Seepage Mathematical Model 266 18.4 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Sensitive Parameters 273 18.5 Conclusions 277 18.6 Acknowledgements 278 References 278 19 Study on the Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Theory of Shale Gas Reservoir 281 Weiyao Zhu, Jia Deng, and Qi Qian 19.1 Introduction 282 19.2 Multi-Scale Flowstate Analyses of the Shale Gas Reservoirs 283 19.3 Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Shale Gas Reservoir 285 19.3.1 Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Nano-Micro Pores 285 19.3.2 Multi-Scale Seepage Model Considering of Diffusion, Slippage 288 19.3.3 Darcy Flow in Micro Fractures and Fractured Fractures 289 19.4 Transient Flow Model of Composite Fracture Network System 291 19.5 Production Forecasting 294 19.6 Conclusions 298 19.7 Acknowledgements 299 References 299 20 CO2 EOR and Sequestration Technologies in PetroChina 301 Yongle Hu, Xuefei Wang, and Mingqiang Hao 20.1 Introduction 302 20.2 Important Progress in Theory and Technology 302 20.2.1 The Miscible Phase Behaviour of Oil-CO2 System 302 20.2.2 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Engineering Technology 304 20.2.3 Separated Layer CO2 Flooding, Wellbore Anti-Corrosion and High Efficiency Lift Technology 306 20.2.4 Long Distance Pipeline Transportation and Injection Technology 306 20.2.5 Produced Fluid Treatment for CO2 Flooding and Cycling Gas Injection Technology 306 20.2.6 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Monitoring, Performance Analysis Technology 307 20.2.7 Potential Evaluation for CO2 Flooding and Storage 308 20.3 Progress of Pilot Area 311 20.3.1 Block Hei59 312 20.3.2 Block Hei79 313 20.4 Conclusions 315 20.5 Acknowledgements 316 References 317 21 Study on the Microscopic Residual Oil of CO2 Flooding for Extra-High Water-Cut Reservois 319 Zengmin Lun, Rui Wang, Chengyuan Lv, Shuxia Zhao, Dongjiang Lang, and Dong Zhang 21.1 Introduction 319 21.2 Overview of CO2 EOR Mechanisms for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 320 21.3 Experimental Microscopic Residual Oil Distribution of CO2 Flooding for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 321 21.3.1 NMR Theory 321 21.3.2 In situ NMR Test for Water Flooding and CO2 Flooding 322 21.4 Displacement Characteristics of CO2 Flooding and Improve Oil Recovery Method for Post CO2 Flooding 325 21.4.1 CO2 Displacement Characteristics for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 325 21.4.2 Improved Oil Recovery for Post CO2 Flooding 326 21.5 Conclusions 327 References 328 22 Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Geological Utilization and Storage in China: A Review 331 Qi Li, Ranran Song, Xuehao Liu, Guizhen Liu, and Yankun Sun 22.1 Introduction 332 22.2 Status of CCUS in China 332 22.3 Monitoring of CCUS 336 22.3.1 Monitoring Technology at Home and Abroad 336 22.3.2 U-tube Sampling System 341 22.3.3 Monitoring Technologies in China’s CCUS Projects 341 22.4 Monitoring Technology of China’s Typical CCUS Projects 343 22.4.1 Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project 343 22.4.2 Shengli CO2-EOR Project 345 22.5 Environmental Governance and Monitoring Trends in China 345 22.6 Conclusion 351 22.7 Acknowledgements 352 References 352 23 Separation of Methane from Biogas by Absorption-Adsorption Hybrid Method 359 Yong Pan, Zhe Zhang, Xiong-Shi Tong, Hai Li, Xiao-Hui Wang, Bei Liu,Chang-Yu Sun, Lan-Ying Yang, and Guang-Jin Chen 23.1 Introduction 359 23.2 Experiments 361 23.2.1 Experimental Apparatus 361 23.2.2 Materials 362 23.2.3 Synthesis and Activation of ZIF-67 363 23.2.4 Gas-Slurry Equilibrium Experiments 363 23.2.5 Data Processing 364 23.2.6 Breakthrough Experiment 366 23.3 Results and Discussions 367 23.3.1 Adsorbent Characterization 367 23.3.2 Ab-Adsorption Isothermal 368 23.3.3 Breakthrough Experiment 370 23.4 Conclusions 374 23.5 Acknowledgements 374 References 374 Index 377