The Emergence of Modern Shi'ism

Preface   Introduction The Triumph of neo-Usulism The Eighteenth-Century Moment Contemporary Shi‘ism and its Roots Shi‘i Knowledge and Authority Summary of Chapters   Chapter 1 The Times and Places of Reform in the Modern World Introduction The Place of Modernity The Time of Modernity World Systems and Multiple Modernities Creation of the Modern World Tradition and Change: From Pre-Modern to Modern   Chapter 2 Shi‘ism and the Emergence of Modern Iran Introduction Safavid Centralization of Iran (1501–1722) Decentralization of Iran (1722–85) Qajar Recentralization of Iran (1785–1925) Conclusion   Chapter 3 Shi‘ism and the Emergence of Modern Iraq Introduction Ottoman and Mamluk Rule in Iraq Shi‘ism and Arab Tribes in Southern Iraq Conclusion   Chapter 4 Wahid Bihbihani: Shi‘i Reviver and Reformer Introduction Reviver of the Eighteenth Century Bihbihani’s Early Life Bihbihani in Bihbihan Usuli-Akhbari Dispute in Karbala’ The Historical and Mythical Bihbihani Conclusion: Why Usulism Prevailed   Chapter 5 Wahid Bihbihani’s Usuli Network in Iraq and Iran Introduction Usuli-Qajar Alliance Bihbihani’s Students in Iraq Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Tabataba’i “Bahr al-’Ulum” (Najaf) Shaykh Ja‘far al-Najafi “Kashif al-Ghita’” (Najaf) Mirza Muhammad Mahdi Shahristani (Karbala’) Sayyid ‘Ali Tabataba’i (Karbala’) Bihbihani’s Students in Iran Mirza Abu al-Qasim Qummi (Qum) Mulla Ahmad Naraqi (Kashan) Muhammad Ibrahim Kalbasi (Isfahan) Muhammad Baqir Shafti (Isfahan) Additional Students of Bihbihani Conclusion   Chapter 6 Wahid Bihbihani’s Conception of Islamic Law Introduction Bihbihani’s Legalistic Conception of Knowledge Four or Five Sources of Usuli Shi‘i Law? 1 The Qur’an 2 Traditions (Hadith) 3 Consensus (ijma‘) 4 Reason (‘aql) 5 Transference (ta‘diyya) vs. Analogy (qiyas) Language (lugha) and Custom (‘urf) Conjecture of Mujtahids Conclusion   Chapter 7 Founding Fathers of Modern Islam Introduction Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and the Wahhabi Movement Ibn Idris and Neo-Sufism Political Influence of the Reformers Knowledge and Authority Opponents of the Reformers Primary Concerns of the Reformers Conclusion   Glossary Notes Bibliography Index